Bash Init, .bashrc .profile .bash_profile

~/.bash_profile is loaded when you login.

~/.bashrc is loaded everytime you start a shell (e.g. starting a terminal), but is not loaded when you login the first time.

Note: Some terminals (such as gnome-terminal) have option to “run command as login shell”, meaning, if on, it'll load ~/.bash_profile (or ~/.profile) first, before running ~/.bashrc.

Note: on Mac OS X, the Terminal app starts as a login shell, so it runs ~/.bash_profile. Different unixes have different setup.

Here's a excerpt from man bash:

/etc/profile

The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells

~/.bash_profile

The personal initialization file, executed for login shells

~/.bashrc

The individual per-interactive-shell startup file

~/.bash_logout

The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits

~/.inputrc

Individual readline initialization file

There's also {.login, .profile, …}. These are basically legacy that bash may also read.

• The .login is legacy login init file for the original shell, the sh. BASH (Bourne-Again SHell) is a mostly compatible extended version. On many unix systems, /bin/sh is hardlinked to /bin/bash. In Ubuntu Linux, 2006, /bin/sh is a sym link to /bin/dash. Dash is new. “dash” is smaller and faster than bash, for running system startup scripts.
• The .profile is legacy shell init file for Bourne shell “sh”.
• The .csh is init file for C shell csh. (basically, shell with C syntax.)
• The .tcshrc is init file for tcsh. (basically, improved csh)